Automatic merge from submit-queue (batch tested with PRs 51174, 51363, 51087, 51382, 51388)

Add InstanceExistsByProviderID to cloud provider interface for CCM

**What this PR does / why we need it**:

Currently, [`MonitorNode()`](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/02b520f0a40be2056d91fc0661c2b4fdb2694c30/pkg/controller/cloud/nodecontroller.go#L240) in the node controller checks with the CCM if a node still exists by calling `ExternalID(nodeName)`. `ExternalID` is supposed to return the provider id of a node which is not supported on every cloud. This means that any clouds who cannot infer the provider id by the node name from a remote location will never remove nodes that no longer exist. 


**Which issue this PR fixes** *(optional, in `fixes #<issue number>(, fixes #<issue_number>, ...)` format, will close that issue when PR gets merged)*: fixes #50985

**Special notes for your reviewer**:

We'll want to create a subsequent issue to track the implementation of these two new methods in the cloud providers.

**Release note**:

```release-note
Adds `InstanceExists` and `InstanceExistsByProviderID` to cloud provider interface for the cloud controller manager
```

/cc @wlan0 @thockin @andrewsykim @luxas @jhorwit2

/area cloudprovider
/sig cluster-lifecycle