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Add missing error handling in schema-related code

**What this PR does / why we need it**:
Adds missing error handling to a few places.

**Which issue(s) this PR fixes**
Updates #51457. Still more work to do to fix the issue - client generation code needs to be updated (addressed in https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/64664).

**Release note**:
```release-note
NONE
```

/kind bug
/sig api-machinery