Required according to RFC 3986:

> An implementation should accept uppercase letters as equivalent to
> lowercase in scheme names

Closes #330

This adds a bit of overhead, but also adds flexibility to the API,
because arbitrary triggers may be invoked from that virtual method
implementation, not just Cond::signal().

The motivation for this is to make the handlers more dynamic, for the
upcoming buffering class utilizing ProxyInputStream.

InputStream::Read() and InputStream::Seek() are called with the mutex
locked.  That means the implementation must not block, or unlock the
mutex before calling into blocking code.

Previously, a slow CD drive could stall the whole MPD process,
including the main thread, due to this problem.

Closes #149

This eliminates some overhead, because the compiler doesn't need to
consider these functions throwing.

Eliminate dependency on io_thread_get().

The old struct config_param remains only for top-level string options.

Make sure that the log callback is installed.

Generate more detailed error messages.

Eliminate duplicate definition (in input plugin and decoder plugin).

Remove the "whence" parameter that is not actually necessary, and only
complicates the InputStream implementations.

Replace InputPlugin attributes.

Replaces the method Close().

Prepare for adding virtual methods.

Add enum InputResult which is a tri-state.  Input plugins may now fail
and just become unavailable.

Replaces GLib's g_str_has_prefix().

Decouple some more from GLib.

This was a memory leak, because "mime" was a std::string which created
another copy and discarded the allocated buffer.

Prepare to migrate away from GLib.  Currently, we're still using GLib
as a backend.