Closes #296

The "pure" and "const" attributes are not so well-defined, and a
recent clang version implements an optimization which pushes the
definition's boundary beyond what I believed it was.  clang now
assumes that functions declared "pure" cannot throw exceptions, even
if they lack the "noexcept" specification.

When compiled with this new clang version, MPD will crash randomly if
an exception happens to get thrown by such as "pure" function
(https://github.com/MusicPlayerDaemon/MPD/issues/41).

This commit removes all such misplaced "pure" and "const" attributes,
closing #41.

Both callers pass non-nullptr.

As a side effect, this fixes a memory leak.

Migrate the remaining callers to FatalError().

Use only ConfigData.hxx in plugin sources to reduce header
dependencies.

Replaced all occurrences of g_error() with MPD_ERROR() located in a new header
file 'mpd_error.h'. This macro uses g_critical() to print the error message
and then exits gracefully in contrast to g_error() which would internally call
abort() to produce a core dump.

The macro name is distinctive and allows to find all places with dubious error
handling. The long-term goal is to get rid of MPD_ERROR() altogether. To
facilitate the eventual removal of this macro it was added in a new header
file rather than to an existing header file.

This fixes #2995 and #3007.

After we've been hit by Large File Support problems several times in
the past week (which only occur on 32 bit platforms, which I don't
have), this is yet another attempt to fix the issue.

Use GLib the logging functions g_debug(), g_error() instead.

This updates the copyright header to all be the same, which is
pretty much an update of where to mail request for a copy of the GPL
and the years of the MPD project. This also puts all committers under
'The Music Player Project' umbrella. These entries should go
individually in the AUTHORS file, for consistancy.

All config_get_block_*() functions should accept constant config_param
pointers.

Renamed functions, types, variables.

g_strsplit() is more portable than strtok_r().

Use strchr()/g_strndup() to extract the password.

Only include headers which are really needed.  os_compat.h aimed to
make MPD easily portable, but was never actually made portable.

Eliminating the deprecated linked list library.

client->permission is a bit set, and should be unsigned.