Required according to RFC 3986:

> An implementation should accept uppercase letters as equivalent to
> lowercase in scheme names

Closes #330

Modeled after std::filesystem::operator/() from C++17.

The absolute udisks:// URI is not usable with InputStream::Open(), and
thus we need to return the LocalStorage::MapUTF8() return value
instead.

Documentation will follow soon.

Fixes two build failures with libnfs on Windows.

Only _WIN32 is defined by the compiler, and WIN32 is not standardized
and may be missing.

Closes #169

Bugs found by Coverity.

The "pure" and "const" attributes are not so well-defined, and a
recent clang version implements an optimization which pushes the
definition's boundary beyond what I believed it was.  clang now
assumes that functions declared "pure" cannot throw exceptions, even
if they lack the "noexcept" specification.

When compiled with this new clang version, MPD will crash randomly if
an exception happens to get thrown by such as "pure" function
(https://github.com/MusicPlayerDaemon/MPD/issues/41).

This commit removes all such misplaced "pure" and "const" attributes,
closing #41.

This eliminates some overhead, because the compiler doesn't need to
consider these functions throwing.

Eliminate dependency on io_thread_get().